For example, sulfur is used in the production of gunpowder and other explosives. { "1.01:_The_Origins_of_Organic_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.02:_Principles_of_Atomic_Structure_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.03:_Electronic_Structure_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.04:_Electron_Configurations_and_Electronic_Orbital_Diagrams_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.05:_Octet_Rule_-_Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonding_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.06:_Lewis_Structures_and_Formal_Charges_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.07:_Common_Bonding_Patterns_for_Organic_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.08:_Structural_Formulas_-_Lewis_Kekule_Bond-line_Condensed_and_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.09:_Electronegativity_and_Bond_Polarity_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.10:_Resonance" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.11:_Arrhenius_Acids_and_Bases_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.12:_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.13:_Distinguishing_between_pH_and_pKa" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.14:_Predicting_Relative_Acidity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.15:_Molecular_Formulas_and_Empirical_Formulas_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.16:_Additional_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.17:__Solutions_to_Additional_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.18:_Brnsted-Lowry_Acids_and_Bases_(Review)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_and_Review" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Structure_and_Properties_of_Organic_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Functional_Groups_and_Nomenclature" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Structure_and_Stereochemistry_of_Alkanes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Reactions_using_Free_Radical_Halogenation_of_Alkanes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Structure_and_Synthesis_of_Alkenes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Reactions_of_Alkenes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Alkynes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Infrared_Spectroscopy_and_Mass_Spectrometry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Structure_and_Synthesis_of_Alcohols" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Reactions_of_Alcohols" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Ethers_Epoxides_and_Thioethers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Conjugated_Systems_Orbital_Symmetry_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Aromatic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Reactions_of_Aromatic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Ketones_and_Aldehydes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Amines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Carboxylic_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives_and_Nitriles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Alpha_Substitutions_and_Condensations_of_Carbonyl_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24:_Carbohydrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25:_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "26:_Lipids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "27:_Nucleic_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 1.4: Electron Configurations and Electronic Orbital Diagrams (Review), [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "cssprint:dense", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FMap%253A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II%2FMap%253A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)%2F01%253A_Introduction_and_Review%2F1.04%253A_Electron_Configurations_and_Electronic_Orbital_Diagrams_(Review), \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 1.5: Octet Rule - Ionic and Covalent Bonding (Review), status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The first shell of Sulfur has 2 electrons and the outer shell or valence shell of Sulfur has 6 electrons, hence, the number of valence electrons in the Sulfur atom is 6. This is because Hund's Rule states that the three electrons in the 2p subshell will fill all the empty orbitals first before filling orbitals with electrons in them. An orbital diagram, like those shown above, is a visual way to reconstruct the electron configuration by showing each of the separate orbitals and the spins on the electrons. Orbitals on different energy levels are similar to each other, but they occupy different areas in space. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. When sulfur dioxide is released into the atmosphere, it helps to form aerosols that reflect sunlight back into space. Another way is to make a table like the one below and use vertical lines to determine which subshells correspond with each other. However, these bonds are not very stable, and when sulfur is exposed to heat or friction, the bonds break and the atoms rearrange themselves into more thermodynamically stable configurations. Both these follow the Aufbau principle (Diagonal rule). We'll put six in the 2p orbital and then put the next two electrons in the 3s. Its important to remember that when passing the 5d and 6d energy levels that one must pass through the f-block lanthanoid and actinoid series. It has an atomic number of 16 and is in group 6 of the periodic table. F orbital contains 7 boxes that can hold a maximum of 14 electrons. The orbital notation for sulfur is: Each arrow represents an electron. Its electron configuration is 2, 8, 6, which means that it has two electrons in its outermost orbital. So, K is the first shell or orbit that can hold up to 2 electrons, L is the 2nd shell which can hold up to 8 electrons, M is the third shell that can hold up to 18 electrons, and N is the fourth shell that can hold up to 32 electrons. This means that it has 16 protons in its nucleus. (3). A slightly more complicated example is the electron configuration of bismuth (symbolized Bi, with Z = 83). As anyone who has ever lit a match knows, sulfur is a substance that readily catches fire. Keeping this in mind, this "complex" problem is greatly simplified. Since it belongs to Group 16th or 6A in the Periodic table. In order to write the Sulfur electron configuration we first need to know the number of electrons for the S atom (there are 16 electrons). We can clearly see that p orbitals are half-filled as there are three electrons and three p orbitals. If only one of the ms values are given then we would have 1s1 (denoting hydrogen) if both are given we would have 1s2 (denoting helium). We can find valence electrons of an atom either by knowing its periodic group number or its electron configuration. and explain why each is a key part of the "tool kit" when describing electron configurations. This is the same concept as before, except that each individual orbital is represented with a subscript. What are the Ground state and Excited-state Electron configurations of Sulfur? The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers. Atoms at ground states tend to have as many unpaired electrons as possible. This is because the outermost orbitals (3s and 3p) have fewer electrons than they could hold (eight electrons each), so they are less stable than they could be. The Sulfur orbital diagram contains 2 electrons in the 1s orbital, 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, the six electrons in the 2p orbital, the two electrons in the 3s orbital, and the remaining four electrons in the 3p orbital. and explain why each is a key part of the "tool kit" when describing electron configurations. Without using a periodic table or any other references, fill in the correct box in the periodic table with the letter of each question. Moving across, simply count how many elements fall in each block. The orbital diagram of Sulfur contains 1s orbital, 2s orbital, 2p orbital, 3s orbital, and 3p orbital. Try to think of an orbital as a loveseat. In addition, sulfuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals, used in the production of paper, steel, plastics, and many other products.